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“A  Tale  of  Two 


FREDERICK  W,  j()B 

Secretary  ol  the  Employers’  Asosciation  of  Chicago 


3 


S' 


«T5t 


• k, , • 

.»••••*  . *c'*.  • • • * 

. • •*.  *%  v.  • V *.  •.  c‘ 

A peacnabls,  ila^abkHng  old  German  citizen  owned  a small  store  in  Chicago, 
on  the  North’  Side. 

One  day  three  young  fellows  stepped  into  his  store  determined  to  see  just 
how  far  they  could  go  in  the  direction  of  bluffing  the  good  natured  old  man. 

They  began  by  buying  a few  things  which  they  refused  to  pay  for.  Against 
the  protest  of  the  storekeeper  they  took  more  articles;  finally  they  helped 
themselves  to  anything  and  everything  in  sight;  they  then  went  behind  the 
counter  and  took  possession  of  the  place,  the  old  man  protesting  all  the  while, 
but  believing  that  their  antics  would  soon  end. 

Emboldened  by  their  successes,  they  finally  pushed  him  out  of  his  own  store 
onto  the  sidewalk.  Then  he  started  to  walk  away  and  they  took  after  him. 
He  began  to  run  and  they  chased  him.  He  ran  down  the  street,  they  following 
closely  after  him.  He  turned  the  corner  and  ran  a couple  of  blocks  farther 
and  finally,  in  his  desperation,  ran  into  an  alley. 

He  found  it  to  be  a “blind”  alley,  and  when  he  reached  the  stone  wall  at  the 
other  end  and  could  proceed  no  further,  he  turned  around,  “took  a Stand”  and 
gave  his  pursuers  a sound  thrashing. 

Moral:  Occasionally  the  worm  turns. 


Wo* 


► 


PREFACE 


Beloit,  Wisconsin,  a city  of  14,000  people,  conservative,  prosperous,  “unor- 
ganized” from  a union  standpoint,  had,  for  years,  been  busy  attending  to  its 
own  affairs,  attracting  industries  which  located  within  its  corporate  limits, 
watching  the  erection  of  numerous  new  buildings,  and  rapidly  adding  to  its 
population.  The  State  Statistical  Bureau  reported  that  in  1902  the  wages  in 
Beloit  per  capita  were  the  highest  paid  in  Wisconsin. 

No  serious  differences  had  ever  marred  the  relations  between  employers 
and  employes  in  Beloit;  wages  and  labor  conditions  had  not  changed  materially 
for  a year  or  two. 

In  the  issue  of  July  23,  1903,  of  the  Labor  Journal  of  South  Bend  (Ind.)  ap- 
peared the  following  correspondence  from  a union  man  who  had  left  South 
Bend  and  located  at  Beloit: 

“Here  I am  out  in  Beloit,  Wisconsin,  all  well,  with  a good  job.  * * * 

“Mechanics  get  all  the  way  from  $2.50  per  day,  at  the  least,  to  $4.00  per 
day,  and  a few,  more  than  that. 

“Moulders  receive  from  $2.65  to  $3.60  per  day. 

“Machinists  receive  an  average  of  $2.55  per  day. 

“Outside  laborers  receive  not  less  than  $1.50  per  day,  and  from  that  to 
$2.25,  and  the  only  part  of  living  that  is  more  expensive  than  in  South  Bend 
is  house  rent. 

“I  cannot  say  what  percentage  of  the  people  own  their  own  homes  here,  but 
I know  that  lots  of  them  do.  I have  seen  but  one  hovel  in  this  city.  * • * 

“I  remain  as  ever,  Yours  in  union, 

“A  UNION  MAN.” 

Did  Beloit  Need  Organizing  or  Unionizing ? 


3 


^0  2.6  2. 1 2- 


PART  I. 


1903 

Spring 


CHAPTER  I. 

Unionization 


Two  “walking,  talking  delegates,”  George  Mulberry,  fifth  vice-president  of 
the  International  Association  of  Machinists,  and  James  Hogan,  one  of  the 
general  organizers  of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor,  of  which  there  are 
over  1,100  scattered  throughout  the  United  States,  discovered  the  “unorganized” 
and  hence,  contented  conditon  of  Beloit,  and  hastened  there. 

Under  the  magical  influence  of  this  pair  of  disturbers,  who  promised  many 
impossible  “improvements”  in  the  already  excellent  labor  conditions  of  Beloit 
industries,  the  workers  became  innoculated  and  intoxicated  with  the  virus  of 
unionism;  they  were  persuaded  that  their  conditions  were  bad. 

Chicago  and  other  cities  had  recently  been  “organized,”  had  furnished  ex- 
citement for  the  public,  voluntary  and  involuntary  vacations  for  employes,  and 
a good,  fat,  easy  living  for  organizers  and  the  walking  delegates;  and  why 
not  Beloit? 

Loud  talk,  insane  demands,  strikes  and  rumors  of  boycotts  burdened  the  air. 

The  fever  raged  and  Beloit  became  union  mad.  In  peaceful  June,  1901,  there 
were  three  labor  unions  in  Beloit,  with  a membership  of  200;  in  riotous  June, 
1903,  there  were  21  unions,  with  a membership  of  over  2,000. 

The  character  of  the  work  in  factories  declined;  retail  merchants  were 
scared  to  death  by  threats  of  being  boycotted  unless  the  union  card  was  dis- 
played in  their  windows,  or  hung  from  their  chandeliers.  You  bought  union 
goods  from  union  clerks  who  carried  union  cards,  or  you  were  made  the  object 
of  derision  by  the  unionists  on  the  streets.  It  was  like  “tempting  fate”  to 
ask  for  an  article  that  was  under  the  ban  of  the  union.  The  Musicians’  Union 
refused  to  permit  its  members  to  play  in  a grand  stand  which  had  been 
erected  by  a non-union  contractor. 

It  was  considered  the  “Banner  Union  City  of  the  Northwest,”  and  for  that 
reason  was  selected  by  the  International  Machinists’  Union  at  its  convention  in 
Milwaukee,  May  6 to  9,  1903,  as  the  proper  place  to  make  the  fight  for  the 
complete  recognition  and  domination  of  union  demands  and  methods. 

4 


CHAPTER  II. 


Demoralization 

In  discussing  the  situation,  one  of  her  prominent  citizens  contrasted  Beloit’s 
“paralyzed  business  situation”  in  June,  1903,  with  “the  tireless  progressive 
activity”  of  a year  before,  and  the  cause  was  found  to  be  “the  interference  by 
organized  labor  with  the  constitutional  rights  of  the  citizen.” 

In  the  following  manner  was  the  city  of  Beloit  advertised  by  the  daily 
press : 

“The  Gaston  Scale  Works  have  locked  out  the  moulders,  who  demand  a 
minimum  wage  of  $3.00  a day,  the  scale  fixed  by  the  local  moulders’  union.” — 
Chicaga  Examiner. 

“Seven  hundred  machinists  of  the  Berlin  Machine  Works  struck  today 
for  a nine-hour  day,  an  increase  in  wages  and  recognition  of  the  union.” — 
Chicago  Inter  Ocean. 

“Judge  B.  F.  Dunwiddie,  of  the  circuit  court  of  Rock  county,  today  issued 
an  injunction  against  picketing  at  the  Berlin  Mlachine  Works.  The  injunction 
is  very  sweeping  in  its  nature.  The  machinists’  union  has  been  out  on  a 
strike  for  nine  weeks.  ” — Chicago  Record-Herald , July  19,  1903. 

“The  labor  difficulties  in  Beloit  are  being  felt  amongst  the  building  contrac- 
tors, perhaps  as  much  or  more  than  in  any  of  the  other  industries  of  the  city. 

“The  wages  of  masons,  bricklayers,  carpenters  and  plasterers  have  been 
raised  almost  50  per  cent,  thus  increasing  the  cost  of  building  greatly,  so  that 
the  number  of  contracts  in  the  hands  of  the  builders  is  small  in  comparison 
with  the  orders  of  a year  ago.” — Belvidere  (III.)  Republican. 

Thus  was  Beloit  well  advertised  as  a good  place  for  individuals  and  industries  to 
stay  away  from. 

Intimidation,  coercion,  violence  and  assaults  were  the  order  of  the  day. 


1903 

Spring 

and 

Summer 


CHAPTER  III. 


1903 

Summer 


Self-Preservation 

“Beloit,  Wis.,  June  12,  1903. 

Frederick  W.  Job,  Esq.,  Secretary  Chicago  Employers’  Association,  Chicago. 

Dear  Sir: — I write  you  at  the  suggestion  of  Mr.  Kelley,  of  Chicago.  The 
radical  element  of  our  unions  has  forced  upon  our  manufacturers  demands  they 
cannot  grant.  Walkouts,  lockouts  and  strikes  are  the  result,  until  business 
confidence  is  destroyed  and  business  is  paralyzed. 

In  our  extremity  our  manufacturers,  business  men  and  non-union  men  must 
organize  for  self-preservation.  I understand  that  this  has  been  successfully 
done  at  many  other  places.  Can  you  furnish  us  at  Beloit  with  the  outlines  of  a 
plan  of  organization,  or  put  us  in  touch  with  proper  parties  who  can  furnish 
details  of  a suitable  plan?  Can  an  experienced  organizer  be  secured?  Trusting 
my  letter  may  receive  an  early  reply,  I remain  sincerely  yours, 

C.  W.  MERRIMAN, 

Formerly  City  Superin tendeut  of  Schools  of  Beloit.” 

June  16,  1903,  M!r.  Job  addressed  a body  of  about  twenty  business  and 
professional  men  at  Beloit,  and  organized  an  Employers’  Association. 

They  were  advised  by  him,  amongst  other  things  that — ; 

“There  must  be  an  end  of  the  intolerant,  impossible  and  unlawful  attitude 
and  demands  of  the  unions.” 

“Honesty,  energy  and  unity  of  action  must  mark  the  work  of  the  associ- 
ation.” 

“The  same  laws  apply  to  both  the  union  and  non-union  man.” 

“Freedom  of  the  individual  and  the  salvation  of  the  city  are  the  goals  you 
must  seek  to  attain.” 

“Petty  jealousies,  business  competition  and  personal  animosities  must  not 
prevent  the  citizens  from  joining  heartily  in  the  movement,  and  ‘putting  their 
shoulders  to  the  wheel.’  ” 

“Violations  of  the  laws  (both  civil  and  criminal)  must  be  prosecuted — not 
occasionally,  but  invariably.” 

“If  the  laws  are  good,  enforce  them;  if  bad,  repeal  them.” 

“Other  cities  have  freed  themselves;  why  not  Beloit?” 

Note  the  principles  of  this  association,  which  are  as  follows: 

The  open  shop. 

No  sympathetic  strikes. 

No  iimitation  or  restriction  of  output  or  apprentices. 

Enforcement  of  the  laws. 

Can  anything  he  found  in  these  'principles  which  an  honest , well-meaning , union 
or  non-union  man  can  object  to? 


6 


PART  II. 

CHAPTER  I. 

Restoration 

“Beloit,  Wis.,  June  26,  1903. 

“Frederick  W.  Job,  Chicago,  111. 

“Dear  Sir: — * * * We  are  doing  good  work  and  I believe  we  will  be  able 

to  meet  the  conditions  here  and  set  the  wheels  of  progress  again  in  motion. 

“Very  truly  yours, 

JOEL  B.  DOW, 

“Vice-President  of  Beloit  Employers  ’Association.” 

Later  on  this  association  was  changed  from  an  Employers’  Association  to 
a Citizens’  Alliance,  so  that  the  non-employing,  non-union  men  might  join  it. 

When  an  injunction  was  issued  restraining  strikers  and  pickets  from 
molesting  workmen  who  wanted  to  earn  an  honest  living,  the  association  vig- 
orously prosecuted  violations  of  the  same. 

From  that  time  on  the  influence  and  membership  of  the  organization  grew, 
and  the  influence  and  opposition  of  unionism  waned. 

The  unhappy,  unprofitable  and  unnatural  conditions  in  Beloit  changed. 

Beloit,  Wis.,  August  30,  1903. 

“After  being  out  sixteen  weeks  the  striking  machinists  of  the  Berlin  Ma- 
chine Works  have  returned  to  work  without  any  concessions  on  the  part  of  the 
company.  ’ ’• — Chicago  Eecord-Herald. 

With  the  return  of  the  employes  to  the  Berlin  Machine  shops  came  notice- 
able reforms  in  other  shops,  and  the  petty  annoyances  to  non-union  men  ceased 
to  a large  degree.  Union  men  learned  that  there  were  other  interests  in 
business  than  those  of  the  union. 

The  laws  were  being  enforced.  The  politicians  who  keep  their  ears  close 
to  the  ground  saw  the  trend  of  affairs,  and  the  former  “political  pulls”  of  the 
union  were  found  to  be  ropes  of  sand. 


Beloit,  September  5,  1903. 

(Special  Correspondence.) 

“The  Citizens’  Alliance  of  Beloit  has  now  1,000  members,  amongst  whom  are 
many  mechanics  and  laborers  from  various  branches  of  industry.  The  Alliance 
maintains  an  office,  and  stands  ready  to  aid  its  members  in  every  way.  New 
members  are  joining  at  the  rate  of  from  50  to  100  a week,  and  the  largest 
hall  in  the  city  will  soon  be  required  for  its  meetings.  ’ ’ — Chicago  Chronicle. 

Statement  of  the  secretarv  of  the  Citizens’  Alliance  of  Beloit,  December  2, 
1903: 

“Every  manufacturing  establishment  in  the  city,  all  painting  contractors, 

7 


1903 
Summer 
and  Fall 


1903-4  all  plumbing  contractors,  and  all  carpenter  contractors  but  one,  are  members 
Winter  of  Citizens’  Alliance.  The  management  of  both  daily  papers,  of  both  tele- 
phones, of  the  waterworks,  of  the  electric  railway  and  of  the  other  semi-public 
corporations,  are  members  of  the  Alliance. 

“A  very  large  proportion  of  all  business  firms  and  of  all  dealers  in  lumber, 
coal  and  other  commodities  are  members  of  the  Alliance.” 

Beloit  resumed  the  position  that  it  formerly  occupied;  it  became  a model 
town  for  the  manufacturer,  the  business  man  and  the  workman;  a city  where 
the  spirit  of  special  class  rights  and  of  restricted  class  privileges  no  longer 
existed;  a city  where  every  man  had  equal  rights  and  privileges  with  every 
other  man;  a city  where  every  man  was  the  helpful,  cordial  friend  of  every 
other  man. 

This  is  what  the  Citizens’  Alliance  of  Beloit  accomplished. 


CHAPTER  II. 

Emancipation 

“ ‘Unless  the  trade  unionists  of  the  country  answer  the  appeal  of  Beloit, 
Wisconsin,  labor  organizations  for  assistance,  the  latter  will  be  crushed  out 
of  existence.’  This  statement  was  made  last  night  by  James  Hogan,  organizer 
for  the  American  Federation  of  Labor,  who  is  here  (Chicago)  to  collect  funds 
for  the  Beloit  workers.  He  said  that  the  employers  had  organized  an  Alliance 
and  were  carrying  on  a policy*  mapped  out  by  F.  W.  Job,  of  Chicago.  Nearly 
every  union  in  Beloit  is  being  fought.  ”* — Chicago  American,  December  9,  1903. 

(Special  Telegram.) 

“Beloit,  Wis.,  Feb.  3,  1904. — The  Teamsters’  Union,  which  has  been  regarded 
as  one  of  the  most  aggressive  labor  organizations  of  the  city,  has  surrendered 
its  charter  and  gone  out  of  business.  It  is  learned  that  the  union  has  been  in 
a tottering  condition  for  some  time,  and  it  was  hard  to  get  a sufficient  num- 
ber of  members  out  at  the  last  meeting  to  take  formal  action  on  disbanding. 

“There  is  a little  money  in  the  treasury,  and  while  under  the  rules  of  the 
union  this  should  revert  to  the  national  organization,  those  who  remained  with 
the  local  are  not  disposed  to  make  that  disposition  of  the  money.  It  will  be 
divided  amongst  them. 

“The  prejudice  is  now  so  great  against  the  union  label  that  the  union  man 
is  handicapped  in  getting  work  and  the  teamsters  have  hastened  to  get  out  of 
the  union.” — Chicago  Chronicle. 

*Note  the  principles  of  the  association,  Chapter  III,  Part  I. 

8 


(Special  Telegram.) 

“Beloit,  Wis.,  Feb.  15. — The  Beloit  Daily  Journal,  instituted  as  an  organ  for 
the  labor  unions  four  months  ago,  and  which  Walking  Delegate  Mulberry  says 
was  the  wisest  move  the  local  union  ever  made,  has  collapsed,  like  everything 
radical  in  Beloit.  The  union  stockholders  made  strenuous  efforts  to  save  the 
paper.  The  Daily  Journal  was  the  outgrowth  of  the  Weekly  Journal,  founded 
by  R.  D.  Hogan,  the  organizer  who  unionized  Beloit  and  who  sold  his  weekly 
to  the  Daily  Journal  Stock  Company  and  was  manager  until  a few  weeks  ago, 
when  Mr.  Hogan,  seeing  the  end,  sold  out  his  interest  in  the  paper  and  left 
town.” — Chicago  Chronicle. 


CHAPTER  III. 

V e r>i  f i c a t i o n 


Federal  Labor  Union  No.  10104  (chartered  by  the  American  Federation  of 
Labor)  is  located  at  Beloit,  Wisconsin. 

The  following  figures,  taken  from  the  “American  Federationist,”  the  official 
organ  of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor,  show  the  decrease  in  monthly  con- 
tributions from  “No.  10104”  to  the  national  treasury  at  Washington,  since  the 
employers  and  other  good  citizens  of  Beloit  “got  together:” 


1903. 

Month. 

June 

July 

August  . . . 
September 
October  . . 
November 
December  . 


Contributions. 

$35.00 

20.00 

12.00 

12.00 

10.00 

2.00 

2.00 


Shrinkages  in  the  monthly  contributions  of  Local  Union  No.  139  (at  Beloit) 
of  the  machinists,  to  their  national  treasury,  as  per  their  official  Journal,  since 
the  formation  of  the  Employers’  Association,  are  indicated  by  the  following: 


1903. 

August  . . , 
September 
October  . . 
November 


Contributions. 

$122.95 

80.00 

No  report 

No  report 


Membership  in  eight  representative  labor  unions  of  Beloit. 

Spring  of  1903.  Winter  of  1903-4. 

400 Federal  Labor  Union 0 

525 Machinists 106 

84 Clerks  0 

99 Teamsters  0 

90 Garment  Workers  0 

46 Painters  and  Decorators 0 

51 Electrical  Workers 11 

46 Shoe  Workers  0 


1,341  117 

Through  the  Shoeworkers’  Journal,  the  general  secretary-treasurer  of  the 
Boot  and  Shoeworkers’  Union,  reports  the  following  contributions  from  the 
Beloit  local: 

1903. 

Months.  Contributions. 

July  .$10.67 

August  None 

September 10.67 

October 50 

December  None 

1904. 

January  None 


CHAPTER  IV. 

Retrospection 

But  two  employers  in  Beloit  have  made  any  reductions  in  wages  since  the 
formation  of  the  Citizens’  Alliance.  These  are  the  following: 

In  December  one  factory  made  a horizontal  reduction  of  1V2  per  cent  in 
the  wages  of  all  of  its  employes.  But  the  men  now  work  Saturday  afternoons, 
and  so  earn  exactly  as  much  as  before. 

In  one  other  small  factory  a slight  reduction  has  recently  been  made. 

In  each  case  the  change  was  made  because  all  other  factories  in  the  same 
line  throughout  the  country  have  readjusted  their  wage  scales;  and  local 
conditions  had  nothing  to  do  with  it. 

In  both  of  these  factories  the  workmen  are  content. 

All  other  shops  pay  the  same  wages  they  were  paying  a year  ago.  No 
attempt  has  been  made  by  the  employers  to  take  any  advantage  of  their  work- 
men because  of  the  formation  of  the  Citizens’  Alliance.  This  treatment  is 
appreciated  by  the  men,  and  willing,  cheerful  workmen  and  satisfactory  output 
are  the  results. 


10 


The  following  copy  of  a letter  addressed  to  the  Beloit  Citizens’  Alliance, 
explains  itself: 

Beloit,  Feb.  1,  1904. 

“As  a former  union  man,  I wish  to  thank  the  Alliance  for  what  it  has  done 
for  me  and  for  the  other  workmen  of  Beloit.  I had  always  been  a non-union 
man,  but  I was  forced  into  the  Machinists’  Union  just  before  the  Berlin  Machine 
Works’  strike.  I was  made  to  feel  that  I could  not  hold  my  job  unless  I 
joined  the  union,  and  I was  told  that  if  I lost  my  job  I could  not  get  another 
anywhere,  as  all  good  shops  had  become  union  shops. 

Then  I was  forced  to  go  out  on  the  strike  within  two  weeks.  Out  of  all 
the  men\  at  the  Berlin  works  there  were  not  more  than  ten  men  who  really 
wanted  to  strike.  But  when  we  got  that  telegram  from  the  International  at 
Milwaukee,  out  we  had  to  go. 

Then  for  ten  weeks  I had  to  be  a bum  tramp,  forced  to  violate  the  law  in 
picketing  my  employers  shops,  day  after  day,  hanging  my  head  in  shame  as 
the  man  who,  for  fifteen  years  had  paid  me  good  wages,  passed  me  on  the  way 
to  his  office;  forced  day  after  day  to  sit  in  our  meetings  and  hear  that  man, 
who  had  always  treated  me  fairly,  called  vile  names. 

Week  after  week  I received  that  miserable  $6.00  from  the  union  in  place 
of  my  nice  wages  from  the  shop. 

Then  I had  to  drop  the  payments  on  my  house. 

My  family  had  to  go  without  the  things  they  always  had  had.  But  worst 
of  all  was  that  my  wife  and  children  were  objects  of  pity  by  all  good  people 
because  I was  such  a fool  as  to  belong  to  a union  which  proved  to  be  made  up 
of  socialists,  anarchists  and  fools  like  me. 

Then  when  the  injunction  came  and  some  of  us  dared  to  go  back  to  work, 
it  did  seem  so  nice  to  be  received  back  kindly,  just  as  if  nothing  had  hap- 
pened. It  seemed  like  getting  back  home  to  have  my  same  machine,  the  same 
good  wages  and  be  treated  like  a man. 

I have  heard  the  Alliance  abused  as  being  against  the  working  man.  But 
I think  the  Alliance  should  be  thanked,  as  it  is  the  only  thing  that  made  it  so 
that  a man  dared  to  go  back  to  work.  When  I joined  the  Alliance  and  found 
that  most  of  its  members  were  working  men  like  myself,  I made  up  my  mind 
that  it  could  do  the  honest  workman  more  good  than  all  the  unions  in  the 
country. 

Why,  I heard  more  good,  kind  things  said  the  first  night  I joined  than  I 
ever  heard  at  all  the  union  meetings  I ever  attended. 

I think  Beloit  ought  to  be  proud  it  has  such  an  Alliance.  And  if  there  was 
such  a one  in  every  city,  there  would  be  no  more  labor  troubles. 

Yours  thankfully, 

“A  Former  Union  Man.” 


li 


There  are  no  labels  on  teams  in  Beloit. 

Union  cards  have  been  removed  from  all  stores. 

The  label  has  been  removed  from  both  daily  papers. 

Beloit  is  again  a good  city  in  which  to  live  and  conduct  business. 

The  word  union  is  seldom  mentioned,  and  a non-union  man  is  again  treated 
as  a free  American  citizen. 

The  output  from  factories  is  again  normal  in  all  cases,  and  in  one  instance 
the  increase  has  been  10  per  cent  since  the  workers  were  emancipated  from 
the  yoke  of  unionism. 

The  “involuntary  members”  of  labor  unions  have  awakened  from  the  spell 
cast  over  them  by  Messrs.  Hogan  and  Mulberry.  They  find  protection  against 
the  intimidating  bludgeon  methods  of  the  union.  They  realize  that  their 
employers  and  sane  fellow  citizens,  and  not  the  officers  (for  revenue  only)  of 
the  unions,  are  their  friends.  They  have  left  the  unions. 

It  is  again  called  “BEAUTIFUL  BELOIT.” 


As  many  employers  have  asked  for  copies  of  this  pamphlet  for  distributing 
through  their  mail  to  employers  in  other  cities,  extra  copies  have  been 
printed.  Price,  2 cents  a copy  up  to  100  copies;  from  100  copies  up,  1 cent  a 
copy.  FREDERICK’  W.  JOB, 

, 832  Marquette  Building,  Chicago. 


12 


